Carl Jung
Goal : "explore the unconscious, both personal and collective, and integrate the conscious and unconscious through a variety of disciplines and psychological methods"
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Analytical_psychology
Goal : "explore the unconscious, both personal and collective, and integrate the conscious and unconscious through a variety of disciplines and psychological methods"
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Analytical_psychology
Components of the Psyche
The conscious mind :
One small part of the psyche
Ego : The ego is the center of our conscious mind and helps provide us with our reality and identity. It has influence over what we do and it helps to differentiate us from other people. It also helps to repress threatening material to the unconscious
Example: Where our thoughts, emotions, sensations, and feelings are stored
Persona : The persona is the side of oneself that we show to the world. The persona can be seen as a mask because it helps us to
hide our problems while also being able to function. The persona can change in different scenarios or when with different
people.
Example: A businessman wants others to think he is successful so he wears expensive clothes, drives a luxury car, has a
million dollar house, and doesn't respect people he believes are beneath him.
Attitudes : Extraversion and introversion.
Examples: Extraversion - A person who is the life of the party
Introversion - A person with free time chooses to be alone to read, for example, instead of hanging out with
friends
Functions : Thinking, feeling, sensation, intuition
Most people interact with the world using their superior function; however, the opposite of their superior function will
most problematic. Opposites in this area provide balance for the individual as well as psychic energy
Example : If a person's superior function was sensation, this would help to guide that person's thinking; however, the
opposite, intuition, would be inferior and a person would have difficulty using intuition in his/her decisions.
The unconscious mind :
The unconscious mind is a powerful part of the psyche where repressed material is stored as well as the source of creativity and emotional growth. It is also a source of confusion and symptoms. According to Saligman and Reichenberg (2014), "the unconscious includes fantasies, knowledge and learning, memories of experiences and relationships, and subjective reactions to events and people" (p. 90). According to Jung, there are two levels of the unconscious: personal unconscious and collective unconscious. The personal unconscious is the history and background of the individual whereas the collective unconscious is the history of the world and evolution.
The collective unconscious : These memories are inherited from the past and influence individuals to react in certain ways. Images,
symbols, and archetypes are examples from the collective unconscious. Archetypes are natural and
unlearned and are transmitted through generations. Archetypes will materialize in dreams and fantasies and
are exhibited through symbols that influence us.
Examples: Sexual instincts, phobia of spiders
The self : A central archetype (part of collective unconscious) that helps balance personality and emerges in the second half of our
lives. The self manifests itself through symbols and images.
Example: Quest to reach full potential
Anima/animus : Two archetypes that impact how we portray the masculine and feminine side of ourselves. These two archetypes also
help to shape the relationships that we have.
Examples: Love at first sight, looking for a partner
The shadow : The shadow can be in both the collective and personal unconscious. It's defined as our dark side that we don't want
others to see. The shadow is the opposite of the persona and includes objectionable instincts that are not socially
appropriate or acceptable.
Examples: Greed, envy
The personal unconscious : The personal unconscious is unique to each person and it forms over his/her life. The personal unconscious
includes memories, thoughts, emotions, and experiences that have been repressed. With the passing of time,
the strength and importance diminishes. Images from daily life can trigger the personal unconscious and
memories are either recalled in their entirety or in chunks.
Example: The image of a child riding a bicycle can conjure up forgotten memories of oneself being young and
riding a bike.
Complexes : Complexes are a part of personality and have feelings and perceptions associated with them. Even though we are
unaware, complexes do affect our daily lives.
Example: Oedipus complex
Concept of Human Development
Jung believed that life was divided into two periods: the first half and the second half. In the first half of life, the goal is to find our place and to develop. In the second half of life, we are moving towards individualization with the ultimate goal of becoming our own unique person and finding balance in our lives. This will help us to be who we are and less of who we were programmed to be or less like others. Our purpose for life becomes clearer and our values shift from materialistic things to things that truly matter (i.e. spirituality).
Balance and Polarities
According to Jung, one's psychological health is determined by the balance of opposites. Extremes are harmful and imbalance can lead to extremes changing to opposites. For example, Saligman and Reichenberg (2014) say "idealizing unrealistic love can be transformed into hatred if the love object fails to live up to the ideal image" (p.91). Everyone is born with self-regulating systems that regulate energy flow and sustain balance. In addition, the self-regulating systems also have the principles of equivalence and entrophy. It is through self-regulation that we can transition among the dimensions of personality.
Dimensions of Personality
1. The classic ways that people absorb and understand internal and external stimuli
2. The characteristic directions of their libidos
- These two dimensions of personality account for the individual differences in personality
Dimension 1 and The four functions:
How do people process stimuli?
1. Thinking - react intellectually and want to not only understand but decipher a stimulus
2. Feeling - opposite of thinking; react emotionally to a stimulus
3. Sensation - when stimulus is received through the senses; want concrete evidence
4. Intuition - opposite of sensation; rely on notions to figure out the path of the stimulus and their reactions to that stimulus
- It's ideal to have a balance among all four functions in order to be able to manage a wide array of situations. There is discomfort with inferior functions because we have the least control over them.
Dimension Two and The two attitudes:
What is the direction of movement of energy?
1. Extraversion : People who tend to be outgoing and like social situations
2. Introversion : People who tend to be introspective and prefer channeling their energy inward
The conscious mind :
One small part of the psyche
Ego : The ego is the center of our conscious mind and helps provide us with our reality and identity. It has influence over what we do and it helps to differentiate us from other people. It also helps to repress threatening material to the unconscious
Example: Where our thoughts, emotions, sensations, and feelings are stored
Persona : The persona is the side of oneself that we show to the world. The persona can be seen as a mask because it helps us to
hide our problems while also being able to function. The persona can change in different scenarios or when with different
people.
Example: A businessman wants others to think he is successful so he wears expensive clothes, drives a luxury car, has a
million dollar house, and doesn't respect people he believes are beneath him.
Attitudes : Extraversion and introversion.
Examples: Extraversion - A person who is the life of the party
Introversion - A person with free time chooses to be alone to read, for example, instead of hanging out with
friends
Functions : Thinking, feeling, sensation, intuition
Most people interact with the world using their superior function; however, the opposite of their superior function will
most problematic. Opposites in this area provide balance for the individual as well as psychic energy
Example : If a person's superior function was sensation, this would help to guide that person's thinking; however, the
opposite, intuition, would be inferior and a person would have difficulty using intuition in his/her decisions.
The unconscious mind :
The unconscious mind is a powerful part of the psyche where repressed material is stored as well as the source of creativity and emotional growth. It is also a source of confusion and symptoms. According to Saligman and Reichenberg (2014), "the unconscious includes fantasies, knowledge and learning, memories of experiences and relationships, and subjective reactions to events and people" (p. 90). According to Jung, there are two levels of the unconscious: personal unconscious and collective unconscious. The personal unconscious is the history and background of the individual whereas the collective unconscious is the history of the world and evolution.
The collective unconscious : These memories are inherited from the past and influence individuals to react in certain ways. Images,
symbols, and archetypes are examples from the collective unconscious. Archetypes are natural and
unlearned and are transmitted through generations. Archetypes will materialize in dreams and fantasies and
are exhibited through symbols that influence us.
Examples: Sexual instincts, phobia of spiders
The self : A central archetype (part of collective unconscious) that helps balance personality and emerges in the second half of our
lives. The self manifests itself through symbols and images.
Example: Quest to reach full potential
Anima/animus : Two archetypes that impact how we portray the masculine and feminine side of ourselves. These two archetypes also
help to shape the relationships that we have.
Examples: Love at first sight, looking for a partner
The shadow : The shadow can be in both the collective and personal unconscious. It's defined as our dark side that we don't want
others to see. The shadow is the opposite of the persona and includes objectionable instincts that are not socially
appropriate or acceptable.
Examples: Greed, envy
The personal unconscious : The personal unconscious is unique to each person and it forms over his/her life. The personal unconscious
includes memories, thoughts, emotions, and experiences that have been repressed. With the passing of time,
the strength and importance diminishes. Images from daily life can trigger the personal unconscious and
memories are either recalled in their entirety or in chunks.
Example: The image of a child riding a bicycle can conjure up forgotten memories of oneself being young and
riding a bike.
Complexes : Complexes are a part of personality and have feelings and perceptions associated with them. Even though we are
unaware, complexes do affect our daily lives.
Example: Oedipus complex
Concept of Human Development
Jung believed that life was divided into two periods: the first half and the second half. In the first half of life, the goal is to find our place and to develop. In the second half of life, we are moving towards individualization with the ultimate goal of becoming our own unique person and finding balance in our lives. This will help us to be who we are and less of who we were programmed to be or less like others. Our purpose for life becomes clearer and our values shift from materialistic things to things that truly matter (i.e. spirituality).
Balance and Polarities
According to Jung, one's psychological health is determined by the balance of opposites. Extremes are harmful and imbalance can lead to extremes changing to opposites. For example, Saligman and Reichenberg (2014) say "idealizing unrealistic love can be transformed into hatred if the love object fails to live up to the ideal image" (p.91). Everyone is born with self-regulating systems that regulate energy flow and sustain balance. In addition, the self-regulating systems also have the principles of equivalence and entrophy. It is through self-regulation that we can transition among the dimensions of personality.
Dimensions of Personality
1. The classic ways that people absorb and understand internal and external stimuli
2. The characteristic directions of their libidos
- These two dimensions of personality account for the individual differences in personality
Dimension 1 and The four functions:
How do people process stimuli?
1. Thinking - react intellectually and want to not only understand but decipher a stimulus
2. Feeling - opposite of thinking; react emotionally to a stimulus
3. Sensation - when stimulus is received through the senses; want concrete evidence
4. Intuition - opposite of sensation; rely on notions to figure out the path of the stimulus and their reactions to that stimulus
- It's ideal to have a balance among all four functions in order to be able to manage a wide array of situations. There is discomfort with inferior functions because we have the least control over them.
Dimension Two and The two attitudes:
What is the direction of movement of energy?
1. Extraversion : People who tend to be outgoing and like social situations
2. Introversion : People who tend to be introspective and prefer channeling their energy inward
Treatment
The four stages:
1. Catharsis and emotional cleansing : emotions are expelled, therapeutic alliance forming, understanding past
2. Elucidation : clarifying life and difficulties, addressing and "fixing" childhood basis of emotional problems,
transference/countertransference investigated
3. Education : helps to correct gaps in development/maturation with a supportive and encouraging counselor
4. Transformation : when change is made through reaching the collective unconscious; leads to greater balance and encourages
individualization
Therapeutic Alliance
In Analytic Psychology, the counselor plays an active role because they need to teach and collaborate with his/her client. Together, they explore the unconscious in order for the client to become more aware; therefore, the client can be better understood and have more social awareness. Because the client and counselor are working so close together, Jung believed that the sessions were helpful for both parties and viewed the counseling atmosphere as comforting and healing.
Interventions
Symbols : Symbols help the client to think about the underlying factors that are driving his/her life; can appear in dreams & fantasies;
counselors can better understand a client's symbols thanks to the plethora of symbols in myths and literature.
Example: Having a huge house can be a symbol of success
Dream interpretation : Jung's view of dreams require an understanding of the whole dream. For example, not only retelling the dream but
also its impacts, the cause of the dream, the context, the symbols, and the interpretation. Dreams provide a
gateway into the unconscious and represent wishes and truths, to name a few.
Example: Client has a dream about moving to many different houses when she was younger. After she retells the
dream, she realizes that she is afraid this will happen again because she has just been laid off of work. The
moving of houses so often symbolizes the lack of money and job consistency there was when she was
growing up and she is afraid this will happen again.
Word association tests : When a counselor gives a client a word and the client responds with the first thing that comes to his/her head, we
can learn a lot from his/her response. Hesitations, off kilter responses, and physical changes can hint to the
counselor about possible complexes and/or unconscious material.
Example: Counselor says dad and the child gets nervous, starts to sweat, and stutters
Rituals : Jung recognized religious and cultural rituals as important rites of passage that help people pass through the phases of life.
Sometimes, rituals would be a part of Jung's therapy.
Examples: first confirmation, wedding